| Bladder Cancer | Stage I–III | 1st | Chemotherapy + Immunotherapy | Gemcitabine + Cisplatin, Atezolizumab | For muscle-invasive or metastatic disease | FGFR3, TP53, RB1 | Smoking, chronic bladder inflammation, occupational exposure |
| Advanced (IV) | 1st | Immunotherapy | Atezolizumab, Durvalumab | For PD-L1+ or metastatic disease, typically after chemotherapy failure | | Age, male gender, family history of bladder cancer |
| Breast Cancer | Early (I–III) | 1st | Chemotherapy | Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Paclitaxel | Used in adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting. | BRCA1/2, HER2, PIK3CA | Family history, BRCA mutations, hormone replacement therapy |
| | 1st | Hormonal Therapy | Tamoxifen, Anastrozole, Letrozole | For ER+/PR+ tumors | | Age, gender, obesity, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle |
| | 1st | HER2-targeted Therapy | Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab | For HER2+ tumors | | HER2 overexpression, family history |
| Metastatic (IV) | 1st | CDK4/6 Inhibitors + Endocrine | Palbociclib, Ribociclib, Abemaciclib + Letrozole/Fulvestrant | For HR+/HER2- tumors | | Hormonal exposure (early menarche, late menopause) |
| Colon Cancer | Stage II–III | 1st | Chemotherapy | FOLFOX (5-FU, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin), CAPOX | Adjuvant post-surgery | KRAS, NRAS, BRAF | Family history, Lynch syndrome, smoking, inflammatory bowel disease |
| Metastatic | 1st | Chemotherapy + Targeted Therapy | FOLFIRI or FOLFOX + Bevacizumab or Cetuximab | KRAS/NRAS wild-type required for EGFR inhibitors | | High-fat diet, alcohol consumption |
| | 2nd | Targeted Therapy | Regorafenib, Trifluridine/Tipiracil | After progression | | Obesity, lack of physical activity |
| | 1st (MSI-H) | Immunotherapy | Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab | For MSI-high or dMMR tumors | MSH2, MLH1 | Age, family history (Lynch syndrome) |
| Esophageal Cancer | Stage I–III | 1st | Chemotherapy + Radiation | Cisplatin + Fluorouracil (5-FU) or Paclitaxel | Neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment | TP53, EGF, HER2 | Smoking, alcohol, obesity, GERD |
| Metastatic | 1st | Chemotherapy + Immunotherapy | FOLFOX + Pembrolizumab or Atezolizumab | For advanced, metastatic disease | | Male gender, older age, Barrett's esophagus |
| Glioblastoma | Newly diagnosed | 1st | Chemotherapy + Radiation | Temozolomide | Concurrent with and post-radiation | IDH1/2, MGMT, EGFR | Age, male gender, prior radiation exposure |
| Recurrent | 2nd | Targeted Therapy | Bevacizumab | Anti-angiogenic, used in recurrent GBM | | Family history, neurofibromatosis |
| Head and Neck Cancer | Stage I–III | 1st | Chemotherapy + Radiation | Cisplatin + Radiation | Standard treatment for locally advanced disease | TP53, HPV, CDKN2A | Smoking, alcohol, HPV infection |
| Advanced (IV) | 1st | Immunotherapy | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | For recurrent/metastatic or PD-L1+ tumors | | Male gender, age, sun exposure |
| | 2nd | Chemotherapy | Carboplatin + Taxanes | Used when no other targeted or immunotherapy options available | | Poor oral hygiene, environmental toxins |
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | All stages | 1st | Chemo-immunotherapy | ABVD (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine) | Standard first-line | EBV, STAT6 | Male gender, age (15–30, >55), immunosuppression |
| Refractory | 2nd | Checkpoint Inhibitors | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | For relapse after stem cell transplant or multiple relapses | | Family history of lymphoma, previous chemo/radiation therapy |
| Liver Cancer (HCC) | Early | 1st | Surgery + Chemotherapy | Sorafenib (for inoperable disease) | Standard treatment for resectable and unresectable tumors | TP53, CTNNB1, AXIN1 | Chronic hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis, alcohol use, obesity |
| Advanced (IV) | 1st | Immunotherapy + Targeted Therapy | Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab, Sorafenib | For advanced, metastatic liver cancer | | Diabetes, fatty liver disease, male gender |
| Lung Cancer (NSCLC) | Early (I–IIIA) | 1st | Chemotherapy | Cisplatin + Vinorelbine/Pemetrexed | Adjuvant or neoadjuvant | EGFR, KRAS, ALK, ROS1 | Smoking, radon exposure, family history |
| Advanced (IIIB–IV) | 1st | Immunotherapy | Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab | For PD-L1+ tumors | | Age, asbestos exposure, environmental toxins |
| | 1st | Targeted Therapy | Osimertinib (EGFR), Alectinib/Lorlatinib (ALK), Sotorasib (KRAS G12C) | Based on molecular mutation status (EGFR, ALK, KRAS, etc.) | | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| | 2nd | Chemotherapy | Docetaxel, Gemcitabine | For EGFR/ALK-negative or refractory disease | | Occupational exposures, family history |
| Lymphoma (DLBCL) | All stages | 1st | Chemo-immunotherapy | R-CHOP (Rituximab + Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Prednisone) | Standard first-line for DLBCL | BCL2, MYC | Male gender, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), age >60, immunosuppression |
| Relapsed/Refractory | 2nd | CAR T-cell Therapy | Axicabtagene ciloleucel | For relapsed after ≥2 lines of systemic therapy | | Family history, immune system diseases |
| Melanoma | Advanced (III–IV) | 1st | Immunotherapy | Nivolumab + Ipilimumab | Standard first-line for metastatic melanoma | BRAF V600E, NRAS | Sun exposure, fair skin, family history, tanning beds |
| | 1st | Targeted Therapy (BRAF-mutant) | Dabrafenib + Trametinib, Vemurafenib + Cobimetinib | For BRAF V600E or V600K mutations | | Immunosuppression, prior melanoma history |
| Ovarian Cancer | Advanced (III–IV) | 1st | Chemotherapy | Carboplatin + Paclitaxel | Standard treatment | BRCA1/2, TP53 | Family history, BRCA mutations, older age, infertility |
| Maintenance | 1st | PARP Inhibitors | Olaparib, Niraparib, Rucaparib | Especially in BRCA-mutated or HRD+ tumors | | Obesity, endometriosis, early menarche |
| Recurrent | 2nd+ | Chemotherapy | Liposomal Doxorubicin, Topotecan | For platinum-resistant disease | | Age, hormone replacement therapy, nulliparity |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Advanced (III–IV) | 1st | Chemotherapy | FOLFIRINOX (5-FU, Leucovorin, Irinotecan, Oxaliplatin) | For metastatic disease | KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53 | Smoking, family history, diabetes, pancreatitis |
| | 1st | Targeted Therapy | Nab-paclitaxel + Gemcitabine | For patients with good performance status | | |
| Prostate Cancer | Localized | 1st | Hormonal Therapy | Leuprolide, Goserelin | ADT (Androgen Deprivation Therapy) for high-risk localized disease | BRCA1/2, TP53 | Age, family history, high-fat diet, African American ethnicity |
| Metastatic (Hormone-sensitive) | 1st | ADT + Novel Hormonal Agents | Abiraterone, Enzalutamide | Improves survival over ADT alone | | |
| Castration-resistant | 1st | Chemotherapy | Docetaxel, Cabazitaxel | After failure of hormonal therapy | | |
| Rectal Cancer | Stage II–III | 1st | Chemotherapy + Radiation | FOLFOX or CAPOX + Radiation | Used in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings | | |
| Metastatic | 1st | Chemotherapy + Targeted Therapy | FOLFOX/FOLFIRI + Bevacizumab or Cetuximab | KRAS/NRAS wild-type required for EGFR inhibitors | | |
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | Stage I–III | 1st | Surgery + Targeted Therapy | Sunitinib, Pazopanib | For advanced or metastatic disease | VHL, PBRM1, MTOR | Smoking, obesity, hypertension, family history |
| Metastatic | 1st | Immunotherapy | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab | For PD-L1+ or metastatic disease | | |
| | 2nd+ | Targeted Therapy | Axitinib, Cabozantinib | For metastatic, poor prognosis patients | | |
| Thyroid Cancer | Early | 1st | Surgery + Radioactive Iodine | Thyroidectomy + Radioactive Iodine | For well-differentiated thyroid cancers | | |
| Advanced (Refractory) | 2nd | Targeted Therapy | Sorafenib, Lenvatinib | For advanced, iodine-refractory thyroid cancer | | |
| Uterine Cancer (Endometrial) | Early (Stage I) | 1st | Surgery + Chemotherapy | Surgery (Hysterectomy) + Paclitaxel + Carboplatin | Standard treatment for early-stage disease | | |
| Metastatic | 1st | Chemotherapy + Targeted Therapy | Carboplatin + Paclitaxel + Pembrolizumab | For advanced, high-grade, or PD-L1+ tumors | | |
