Mammogram

Mammogram is a specialized X-ray imaging test used to screen for and diagnose breast cancer by detecting abnormalities in breast tissue.

• Definition: Low-dose X-ray imaging of the breasts to visualize internal structures, including masses, calcifications, and architectural distortions.
• Types:
  • Screening mammogram: routine check for asymptomatic women.
  • Diagnostic mammogram: focused images when abnormalities or symptoms are present. 

• Indications:
  • Routine breast cancer screening (usually starting at age 40–50, depending on guidelines).
  • Evaluation of breast lumps, nipple discharge, or other suspicious signs.
  • Follow-up after breast cancer treatment.
• Procedure
  • Breasts are compressed between two plates to spread tissue for clear images; typically includes two views per breast (craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique).
• Advantages:
  • Can detect tumors too small to feel
  • Helps identify microcalcifications, early signs of cancer.
  • Widely available and relatively quick.
• Limitations
  • Less sensitive in dense breasts (may require ultrasound or MRI)
  • Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation
  • False positives can lead to unnecessary biopsies.