Acrocentric Chromosome — oncology/genetics-focused definition
An acrocentric chromosome is a chromosome in which the centromere is located very close to one end, producing a very short (p) arm and a long (q) arm.
Key Points:
- Humans have 5 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
- The short arms (p arms) often contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clusters and satellite DNA.
- Acrocentric chromosomes are frequently involved in Robertsonian translocations.
Clinical relevance in oncology/genetics:
- Robertsonian translocations between acrocentric chromosomes can lead to:
- Chromosomal disorders (e.g., trisomy 21 via rob(14;21))
- Occasionally observed in hematologic malignancies (structural chromosomal rearrangements).
- Important for cytogenetic analysis in cancer diagnostics.
Key takeaway:
An acrocentric chromosome has its centromere near one end, making it prone to Robertsonian translocations. These chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) are significant in genetic disorders and chromosomal studies in oncology.
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